13 research outputs found

    Social Transparency through Recommendation Engines and its Challenges: Looking Beyond Privacy

    Get PDF
    Our knowledge society is quickly becoming a ‘transparent’ one. This transparency is acquired, among other means, by ’personalization’ or ‘profiling’: ICT tools gathering contextualized information about individuals in men–computers interactions. The paper begins with an overview of these ICT tools (behavioral targeting, recommendation engines, ‘personalization’ through social networking). Based on these developments the analysis focus a case study of developments in social network (Facebook) and the trade-offs between ‘personalization’ and privacy constrains. A deeper analysis will reveal unexpected challenges and the need to overcome the privacy paradigm. Finally a draft of possible normative solutions will be depicted, grounded in new forms of individual rights.Recommendation Engines, Profiling, Privacy, ‘Sui Generis’ Copyright

    Autonomy of Military Robots: Assessing the Technical and Legal (“Jus In Bello”) Thresholds, 32 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 57 (2016)

    Get PDF
    While robots are still absent from our homes, they have started to spread over battlefields. However, the military robots of today are mostly remotely controlled platforms, with no real autonomy. This paper will disclose the obstacles in implementing autonomy for such systems by answering a technical question: What level of autonomy is needed in military robots and how and when might it be achieved, followed by a techno-legal one: How to implement the rules of humanitarian law within autonomous fighting robots, in order to allow their legal deployment? The first chapter scrutinizes the significance of autonomy in robots and the metrics used to quantify it, which were developed by the US Department of Defense. The second chapter focuses on the autonomy of state-of-the-art” robots (e.g.; Google’s self-driving car, DARPA’s projects, etc.) for navigation, ISR or lethal missions. Based on public information, we will get a hint of the architectures, the functioning, the thresholds and technical limitations of such systems. The bottleneck to a higher autonomy of robots seems to be their poor “perceptive intelligence.” The last chapter looks to the requirements of humanitarian law (rules of “jus in bello”/rules of engagement) to the legal deployment of autonomous lethal robots on the battlefields. The legal and moral reasoning of human soldiers, complying with humanitarian law, is a complex cognitive process which must be emulated by autonomous robots that could make lethal decisions. However, autonomous completion of such “moral” tasks by artificial agents is much more challenging than the autonomous implementation of other tasks, such as navigation, ISR or kinetic attacks. Given the limits of current Artificial Intelligence, it is highly unlikely that robots will acquire such moral capabilities anytime soon. Therefore, for the time being, the autonomous weapon systems might be legally deployed, but only in very particular circumstances, where the requirements of humanitarian law happen to be irrelevant

    Social Transparency through Recommendation Engines and its Challenges: Looking Beyond Privacy

    Get PDF
    Our knowledge society is quickly becoming a 'transparent' one. This transparency is acquired, among other means, by 'personalization' or 'profiling': ICT tools gathering contextualized information about individuals in men–computers interactions. The paper begins with an overview of these ICT tools (behavioral targeting, recommendation engines, 'personalization' through social networking). Based on these developments the analysis focus a case study of developments in social network (Facebook) and the trade-offs between 'personalization' and privacy constrains. A deeper analysis will reveal unexpected challenges and the need to overcome the privacy paradigm. Finally a draft of possible normative solutions will be depicted, grounded in new forms of individual rights

    Globalization 2.0? Legal Implications for Eurasia of the New US Trade-Policies

    No full text

    The comparison as a technique of the Court of Justice of European Communities

    No full text
    L'objet de la recherche est l'usage par le juge communautaire des solutions ayant une origine nationale. Un chapitre introductif est consacrĂ© Ă  la mĂ©thodologie. Il s'agit d'une dĂ©limitation de l'objet de la recherche (la comparaison comme technique et non pas comme science) et de l'orientation de l'analyse (privilĂ©giant une approche mĂ©thodologique). Ensuite il s'agit de dĂ©terminer la base documentaire pour la recherche. Cela permet d'identifier l'emploi cachĂ© de la technique comparative (un rĂŽle essentiel revient ici aux conclusions pertinentes de l'avocat gĂ©nĂ©ral). L'analyse proprement dite du recours Ă  la technique comparative s'est Ă©talĂ©e ultĂ©rieurement en deux directions diffĂ©rentes. Dans la premiĂšre partie de la thĂšse on a rĂ©alisĂ© l'analyse mĂ©thodologique formelle de la technique comparative. Par la confrontation du phĂ©nomĂšne comparatif avec des concepts mĂ©thodologiques on a dĂ©crit et ensuite "traduit" la technique comparative comme un ensemble assez hĂ©tĂ©roclite des mĂ©thodes. D'un cĂŽtĂ© on a dĂ©limitĂ© l'emploi interprĂ©tatif (domaine d'une crĂ©ativitĂ© restreinte du juge) de cette technique sous la forme de la comparaison interprĂ©tative "standard" et de la comparaison interprĂ©tative "unifiante". D'un autre cĂŽtĂ© on a analysĂ© les manifestations de la technique comparative communautaire qui expriment le dĂ©veloppement du droit par le juge. On a identifiĂ© ainsi une comparaison "diversitĂ©" (dont la traduction mĂ©thodologique fait appel Ă  la "doctrine des intĂ©rĂȘts"). On a diffĂ©renciĂ© encore une comparaison "normative" permettant au juge de dĂ©velopper le droit communautaire sur la base des principes partagĂ©s par plusieurs droits nationaux. Dans une deuxiĂšme partie de la thĂšse l'analyse devient fonctionnelle afin de dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle de la technique comparative et de ses diverses formes dans l'Ă©volution du droit communautaire. On a diffĂ©renciĂ© au dĂ©part un nombre des fonctions "administratives" de la technique comparative. A ce niveau la comparaison a permis tout d'abord de bĂątir un mĂ©canisme contentieux trĂšs souvent protecteur des requĂ©rants privĂ©s. La comparaison a permis ensuite l?Ă©mergence des mĂ©canismes assurant au juge le contrĂŽle flexible de l'activitĂ© normative communautaire. A un tout autre niveau la technique comparative a permis la "constitutionnalisation" du juge et de l'ordre juridique communautaire. Il s'agit surtout du recours comparatif aux solutions d'origine fĂ©dĂ©rale qui ont permis d'assurer des rapports dynamiques entre le droit communautaire et les droits nationaux. Ensuite la technique comparative a renforcĂ© et crĂ©e des mĂ©canismes de protection de l'individu dans l'ordre juridique communautaire (au dĂ©part par des solutions de contournement, ensuite par l'Ă©mergence des droits de la dĂ©fense et finalement par l'Ă©mergence de droits fondamentaux communautaires sans aucun appui textuel). Un nombre des Ă©lĂ©ments effleurĂ©s dans les Ă©tages mĂ©thodologique et fonctionnel de l'analyse forment le point de dĂ©part pour rĂ©pondre Ă  une toute autre problĂ©matique dans la conclusion gĂ©nĂ©rale de la thĂšse. L'attention focalisĂ©e jusqu'ici sur le «comment» de l'emploi de la comparaison sera orientĂ©e dorĂ©navant sur le «pourquoi» du recours Ă  cette technique juridique. La rĂ©ponse Ă  ce questionnement sera trouvĂ©e par un rappel de la nature "spĂ©cifique" du juge et de l'ordre juridique communautaire. Finalement c'est l'inexistence d'une souverainetĂ©- vue sous l'angle dynamique de la "compĂ©tence de la compĂ©tence" - Ă  la faveur de la CommunautĂ© (fait qui la diffĂ©rencie fondamentalement d'une fĂ©dĂ©ration Ă©tatique) comme limite indĂ©passable du cadre actuel de la construction europĂ©enne explique et justifie le recours Ă  la technique comparative. De cette maniĂšre le recours Ă  la comparaison constitue une manifestation de la vĂ©ritable et profonde nature du juge et de l'ordre juridique communautaire. Cela donne une toute autre signification aux analyses qui ont constituĂ© la substance de cette recherche.The purpose of the research is the use by the Community Court of solutions having a national origin. An introductory chapter is devoted to the research methodology. The first topic is the definition of the research object and the orientation of the analysis. The second aspect is the determination of a documentary basis for the research. The comparative technique analysis itself was developed in two different directions. The first part of the thesis is a methodological formal analysis. Here we "translated" the comparative technique as fairly different methods of the judge. On one side we differentiated the interpretative use of this technique as a "standard" interpretative comparison and then a "unifying" interpretative comparison. On the other hand we analyzed the comparative development of the Community law by the judge. At first we identified a "diversity" creative comparison. Then we recognized a "standard" creative comparison that allowed the judge to develop the European law on the basis of some principles shared by municipal laws. In the second part of the thesis we build a functional analysis of the role of comparison technique in the evolution of Community Law. At first we underlined some 'administrative' functions of the comparative technique. At this level the comparison was used by the judge to build some remedies for the private claimants. Then the comparison allowed the emergence of mechanisms to ensure for the judge a flexible control of the Community institutions. At a whole new level the comparative technique accomplished a 'constitutionalisation' of the judge and the Community legal system. This was especially the case with the use of comparative solutions with a Federal origin in order to ensure the dynamic relationships between the Community law and national laws. Then the comparative technique has strengthened and created the mechanisms for the protection of the individual in the Community legal system (initially with bypass solutions, then by emergence of rights of defence and finally by emergence of Community human rights). The general conclusion of the thesis focused on the justification for the use of this technique. The answer is the "specific" nature of the judge and the Community legal system. Finally the lack of sovereignty (as en expression of "competence of competence") of the Community-fundamentally different from a federation state- explains and justifies the use of the comparison technique. In this way the use of the comparison by the Community Court is an expression of the deep real nature of the judge and the Community legal system

    La comparaison comme technique de la Cour de Justice des Communautés européennes

    No full text
    The purpose of the research is the use by the Community Court of solutions having a national origin. An introductory chapter is devoted to the research methodology. The first topic is the definition of the research object and the orientation of the analysis. The second aspect is the determination of a documentary basis for the research. The comparative technique analysis itself was developed in two different directions. The first part of the thesis is a methodological formal analysis. Here we ?translated? the comparative technique as fairly different methods of the judge. On one side we differentiated the interpretative use of this technique as a ?standard? interpretative comparison and then a ?unifying? interpretative comparison. On the other hand we analyzed the comparative development of the Community law by the judge. At first we identified a ?diversity? creative comparison. Then we recognized a ?standard? creative comparison that allowed the judge to develop the European law on the basis of some principles shared by municipal laws. In the second part of the thesis we build a functional analysis of the role of comparison technique in the evolution of Community Law. At first we underlined some 'administrative' functions of the comparative technique. At this level the comparison was used by the judge to build some remedies for the private claimants. Then the comparison allowed the emergence of mechanisms to ensure for the judge a flexible control of the Community institutions. At a whole new level the comparative technique accomplished a 'constitutionalisation' of the judge and the Community legal system. This was especially the case with the use of comparative solutions with a Federal origin in order to ensure the dynamic relationships between the Community law and national laws. Then the comparative technique has strengthened and created the mechanisms for the protection of the individual in the Community legal system (initially with bypass solutions, then by emergence of rights of defence and finally by emergence of Community human rights). The general conclusion of the thesis focused on the justification for the use of this technique. The answer is the ?specific? nature of the judge and the Community legal system. Finally the lack of sovereignty (as en expression of ?competence of competence?) of the Community-fundamentally different from a federation state- explains and justifies the use of the comparison technique. In this way the use of the comparison by the Community Court is an expression of the deep real nature of the judge and the Community legal system.L?objet de la recherche est l?usage par le juge communautaire des solutions ayant une origine nationale. Un chapitre introductif est consacrĂ© Ă  la mĂ©thodologie. Il s?agit d?une dĂ©limitation de l?objet de la recherche (la comparaison comme technique et non pas comme science) et de l?orientation de l?analyse (privilĂ©giant une approche mĂ©thodologique). Ensuite il s?agit de dĂ©terminer la base documentaire pour la recherche. Cela permet d?identifier l?emploi cachĂ© de la technique comparative (un rĂŽle essentiel revient ici aux conclusions pertinentes de l?avocat gĂ©nĂ©ral). L?analyse proprement dite du recours Ă  la technique comparative s?est Ă©talĂ©e ultĂ©rieurement en deux directions diffĂ©rentes. Dans la premiĂšre partie de la thĂšse on a rĂ©alisĂ© l?analyse mĂ©thodologique formelle de la technique comparative. Par la confrontation du phĂ©nomĂšne comparatif avec des concepts mĂ©thodologiques on a dĂ©crit et ensuite ?traduit? la technique comparative comme un ensemble assez hĂ©tĂ©roclite des mĂ©thodes. D?un cĂŽtĂ© on a dĂ©limitĂ© l?emploi interprĂ©tatif (domaine d?une crĂ©ativitĂ© restreinte du juge) de cette technique sous la forme de la comparaison interprĂ©tative ?standard? et de la comparaison interprĂ©tative ?unifiante?. D?un autre cĂŽtĂ© on a analysĂ© les manifestations de la technique comparative communautaire qui expriment le dĂ©veloppement du droit par le juge. On a identifiĂ© ainsi une comparaison ?diversitĂ©? (dont la traduction mĂ©thodologique fait appel Ă  la ?doctrine des intĂ©rĂȘts?). On a diffĂ©renciĂ© encore une comparaison ?normative? permettant au juge de dĂ©velopper le droit communautaire sur la base des principes partagĂ©s par plusieurs droits nationaux. Dans une deuxiĂšme partie de la thĂšse l?analyse devient fonctionnelle afin de dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle de la technique comparative et de ses diverses formes dans l?Ă©volution du droit communautaire. On a diffĂ©renciĂ© au dĂ©part un nombre des fonctions ?administratives? de la technique comparative. A ce niveau la comparaison a permis tout d?abord de bĂątir un mĂ©canisme contentieux trĂšs souvent protecteur des requĂ©rants privĂ©s. La comparaison a permis ensuite l?Ă©mergence des mĂ©canismes assurant au juge le contrĂŽle flexible de l?activitĂ© normative communautaire. A un tout autre niveau la technique comparative a permis la ?constitutionnalisation? du juge et de l?ordre juridique communautaire. Il s?agit surtout du recours comparatif aux solutions d?origine fĂ©dĂ©rale qui ont permis d?assurer des rapports dynamiques entre le droit communautaire et les droits nationaux. Ensuite la technique comparative a renforcĂ© et crĂ©e des mĂ©canismes de protection de l?individu dans l?ordre juridique communautaire (au dĂ©part par des solutions de contournement, ensuite par l?Ă©mergence des droits de la dĂ©fense et finalement par l?Ă©mergence de droits fondamentaux communautaires sans aucun appui textuel). Un nombre des Ă©lĂ©ments effleurĂ©s dans les Ă©tages mĂ©thodologique et fonctionnel de l?analyse forment le point de dĂ©part pour rĂ©pondre Ă  une toute autre problĂ©matique dans la conclusion gĂ©nĂ©rale de la thĂšse. L?attention focalisĂ©e jusqu?ici sur le «comment» de l?emploi de la comparaison sera orientĂ©e dorĂ©navant sur le «pourquoi» du recours Ă  cette technique juridique. La rĂ©ponse Ă  ce questionnement sera trouvĂ©e par un rappel de la nature ?spĂ©cifique? du juge et de l?ordre juridique communautaire. Finalement c?est l?inexistence d?une souverainetĂ©- vue sous l?angle dynamique de la ?compĂ©tence de la compĂ©tence? - Ă  la faveur de la CommunautĂ© (fait qui la diffĂ©rencie fondamentalement d?une fĂ©dĂ©ration Ă©tatique) comme limite indĂ©passable du cadre actuel de la construction europĂ©enne explique et justifie le recours Ă  la technique comparative. De cette maniĂšre le recours Ă  la comparaison constitue une manifestation de la vĂ©ritable et profonde nature du juge et de l?ordre juridique communautaire. Cela donne une toute autre signification aux analyses qui ont constituĂ© la substance de cette recherche

    Eurasian Challenges to International Economic Law. New developments after Brexit and in the context of the Covid-19

    No full text
    eISBN: 978-2-87574-468-5.https://www.unicaen.fr/evenement/eurasian-challenges-to-international-economic-law-after-brexit-in-the-context-of-the-covid-and-the-rcep/https://calenda.org/816761?lang=ptInternational audienceThis book compares the evolution of the legal systems of Central Asia, Europe, and East Asia, under the impact of economic factors, both structural and crisis-inspired. The COVID-19, one of the severest challenges faced by humanity, alters the social order and the way people think.Already, changes impact the socio-economic and political-legal spheres. Geopolitical and geoeconomic shifts affect the place of states and regions in the world order. The UK’s withdrawal from the EU, superimposed onto the pandemic, inflicted not only political and socio-economic losses but reputational losses as well. It signaled the limits of regional integration if the world’s most successful economic grouping needed to revise its own development.This book analyses three salient international political/legal problems for states and regions of Eurasia: trade and financial issues, regional and interregional issues, industrial and socioeconomic issues. It also looks at the US trade policy towards Eurasia and China, the US military presence in South Korea, the EU experience for the EAEU, as well as WTO issues, etc. It follows Le rĂ©gionalisme et ses limites (2016), Mutations de sociĂ©tĂ© et rĂ©ponses du droit (2017), On the European and Asian origins of legal and political systems (2018) and The Challenge of change in the legal and political systems of Eurasia and the New Silk Road (2020)
    corecore